Metallic nanoparticles synthesized by algae: Synthetic route, action mechanism, and the environmental catalytic applications

Algae, which are abundant in nature, offer several advantages for metallic nanoparticle synthesis, such as affordability, environmental friendliness, and mild reaction conditions. Moreover, algae possess intrinsic strategies to counter metal toxicity, making them ideal for nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesis of metallic nano particles through both intracellular and extracellular routes involves various algae biomolecules that act as reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents. The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, whether through intracellular or extracellular routes, relies on different algae biomolecules that serve as reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents. It is worth mentioning that factors such as pH, temperature, light, and reactant concentration have a substantial influence on the morphological size of the nanoparticles during the synthesis process. Algae-synthesized nano particles have a wide range of applications, particularly in catalytic degradation, where they are effective in treating azo dye solutions. Furthermore, these nanoparticles have gained increasing attention for their ability to control gaseous pollutants. The objective of this paper is to review the synthesis route, action mechanism, and environmental catalytic applications of algae-synthesized metallic nanoparticles. By doing so, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the current trends in algae-synthesized nanoparticle synthesis and sheds light on their mechanism aspects and applications as environmental catalysts.