Unroasted Green Coffee Extract-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhancing Intestinal Permeation

Green coffee beanextract (GCBE) provides diversified health benefits.However, its reported low bioavailability impeded its utilizationin various applications. In this study, GCBE-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles(SLNs) were prepared to improve the bioavailability through enhancedintestinal absorption of GCBE. During the preparation of promisingGCBE-loaded SLNs, the lipid concentration, surfactant concentration,and co-surfactant amount are crucial that were optimized using theBox-Behnken design, while particle size, polydispersity index(PDI), zeta-potential, entrapment efficiency, and cumulative drugrelease were the measured responses. GCBE-SLNs were successfully developedby a high shear homogenization technique using geleol as a solid lipid,tween 80 as a surfactant, and propylene glycol as Co-SAA. The optimizedSLNs contained 5.8% geleol, 5.9% tween 80, and 80.4 mg PG resultingin a small particle size of 235.7 +/- 12.5 nm, reasonably acceptablePDI of 0.417 +/- 0.023, and zeta-potential of -15 +/- 0.14 mV, with a high entrapment efficiency of 58.3 +/- 0.85% andcumulative release of 7575 +/- 0.78%. Furthermore, the performanceof the optimized GCBE-SLN was evaluated using an ex vivo everted sacmodel where the intestinal permeation of GCBE was improved due tonanoencapsulation using SLN. Consequently, the results enlightenedthe auspicious potential of exploiting oral GCBE-SLNs for boostingintestinal absorption of chlorogenic acid.