Urban heat island phenomenon in Istanbul: A comprehensive analysis of land use/land cover and local climate zone effect

The relationship between urban heat island (UHI) and land use/land cover (LULC), and local climate zone (LCZ) is apparent and takes rising attention in the current literature. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between meteorological data collected from 30 stations between 2016 and 2022 and Istanbul's LULCs and LCZs. Several notable findings were uncovered, providing light on the UHI phenomenon and its consequences for the city's characteristics. The stations in urban areas (typology A) had higher temperatures than stations in rural/suburban (typology B) and forested landscape (typology C). Those yearly values were similar to 1 degrees C for monthly mean temperatures and similar to 1.5 degrees C for monthly minimum temperatures. Moreover, urban areas possessed +4 and +2 hot days (35 degrees C and above) for typologies B and C, respectively. Another remarkable result was that stations situated close to water surfaces exhibited a lower tendency to exceed temperatures of 35 degrees C. Furthermore, built-type LCZs wind velocity achieved a lower value than land cover type, and humidity in typology A was 5% and 10% less than the typologies B and C, respectively. Consequently, the southern part of Istanbul emerged as the most vulnerable location to the UHI phenomena, suffering greater temperatures.