Pressure from insect-resistant maize on protected butterflies and moths

被引:0
|
作者
Otto, Mathias [1 ]
Papastefanou, Phillip [2 ]
Fahse, Lorenz [3 ]
机构
[1] Fed Agcy Nat Conservat BfN, Konstantinstr 110, D-53179 Bonn, Germany
[2] Tech Univ Munich, TUM Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan, Freising Weihenstephan, Germany
[3] Univ Koblenz Landau, Rhineland Palatinate Tech Univ Kaiserlautern, Inst Environm Sci, Landau, Germany
关键词
Bt maize; genetically modified organism; GMO; Lepidoptera; mathematical modeling; nature conservation; risk assessment; conservacion de la naturaleza; evaluacion de riesgo; maiz Bt; modelo matematico; organismo geneticamente modificado; OGM; RISK-MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS; BT-MAIZE; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; NONTARGET LEPIDOPTERA; CRY1AB-EXPRESSING CORN; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; DANAUS-PLEXIPPUS; L; LEPIDOPTERA; POLLEN; EXPOSURE;
D O I
10.1111/cobi.14222
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
Intensification in agriculture affects many insect species, including butterflies. Insect-resistant crops, such as Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize, which produces a toxin active against Lepidoptera, are an alternative to insecticide sprays. Genetically modified crops are regulated in most countries and require an environmental risk assessment. In the European Union, such assessments include the use of simulation models to predict the effects on nontarget Lepidoptera (NTL). To support the assessment of protected NTL, we extended an individual-based, stochastic, spatially explicit mathematical model (LepiX) to include a wider range of exposure scenarios, a species-sensitivity distribution, and an option for repeated exposure of individuals. We applied the model to transgenic maize DAS-1507, which expresses a high concentration of Bt toxin in pollen that may be consumed by NTL larvae on their host plants nearby. Even in the most conservative scenario without repeated exposure, mortality estimates for highly sensitive species ranged from 41% to 6% at distances of 10-1000 m from the nearest maize field. Repeated exposure can cause additional mortality and thus is relevant for the overall risk assessment. Uncertainties in both exposure and ecotoxicity estimates strongly influenced the predicted mortalities. Care should be taken to include these uncertainties in the model scenarios used for decision-making. In accordance with other modeling results, our simulations demonstrated that mean mortality may not be safe for protected species. With its high pollen expression, DAS-1507 maize may pose risks to sensitive and protected butterfly and moth species that may be difficult to manage. High expression of Bt toxin in pollen is unnecessary for controlling target pests. Consequently, we suggest that Bt maize with high pollen expression not be cultivated in regions where protected butterflies are to be conserved. La intensificacion en la agricultura afecta a muchas especies de insectos, incluyendo a las mariposas. Los cultivos resistentes a los insectos, como el maiz Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), el cual produce una toxina activa contra los lepidopteros, son una alternativa a los insecticidas. Los cultivos geneticamente modificados (GM) estan regulados en la mayoria de los paises y requieren de una evaluacion de riesgo ambiental. En la Union Europea (EU), dichas evaluaciones incluyen el uso de modelos de simulacion para pronosticar los efectos sobre los lepidopteros no objetivo (LNO). Para apoyar a la evaluacion de LNO protegidos, extendimos un modelo matematico espacialmente explicito, estocastico y basado en el individuo (LepiX) para incluir una mayor gama de escenarios de exposicion, una distribucion de la sensibilidad de las especies y una opcion para la exposicion repetida de los individuos. Aplicamos el modelo al maiz transgenico DAS-1507, el cual expresa una alta concentracion de toxina Bt en el polen que puede ser consumido por las larvas de LNO en una planta hospedera cercana. Incluso en el escenario mas conservador sin una exposicion repetida, las estimaciones de mortalidad para las especies altamente sensibles variaron entre el 41% y el 6% en distancias de 10-1000 m a partir del campo de maiz mas cercano. La exposicion repetida puede causar mortalidad adicional y por lo tanto es relevante para la evaluacion general del riesgo. La incertidumbre en las estimaciones de la exposicion y la ecotoxicidad influyeron fuertemente sobre la mortalidad pronosticada. Se debe tener cuidado de incluir estas incertidumbres en los escenarios modelados usados para la toma de decisiones. De acuerdo con los resultados de otros modelos, nuestras simulaciones demostraron que la mortalidad media podria no ser segura para las especies protegidas. Con su alta produccion de polen, el maiz DAS-1507 podria representar un riesgo dificil de manejar para las especies de mariposas y polillas sensibles y protegidas. No se necesita una expresion elevada de la toxina Bt en el polen para controlar a las plagas. En consecuencia, sugerimos que no se cultive el maiz Bt con una alta produccion de polen en las regiones en donde se busca conservar a las mariposas protegidas.Presion del maiz resistente a insectos sobre mariposas y polillas protegidas
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页数:11
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