Manufacturing technique analysis of Early Harappan painted pottery from the Jhang Bahatar Site, Pakistan, by using a multi-analytical approach

Only a limited number of scientific or technological studies regarding Harappan pottery have been conducted so far. To address the knowledge gap, this study investigates the raw materials and manufacturing techniques evidenced in the painted pottery sherds excavated from the Jhang Bahatar site, Pakistan of the late period of early Harappan culture (also identified as the Kot Diji period 2800-2600BC). This study employs a variety of integrated analytical methods including production process observation, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The investigation revealed that the raw materials in the pastes used to manufacture these painted potteries are common fusible clay characterized by minimal levels of silicon oxide and alumina and elevated levels of flux oxide. The pottery was decorated with an initial basecoat of ochre consisting of hematite (Fe2O3), mixed with pottery paste clay, while the main mineral material of black pigment was magnetite (Fe3O4) and the white pigment was created using dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2).