Depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential of Early Permian coals deposit in the Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The Carboniferous-Permian was an important period for the formation of coal mines and coaly source rocks across the world. Controlled by the paleoclimate, Cathaysia flora, and transitional sedimentary environment of the delta, the Early Permian Shanxi Formation in the Huanghua Depression formed several layers of coal and coaly source rocks that can be explored in the whole depression. However, the development regularity and distribution prediction of high-quality coaly source rocks are still not well understood. The coaly source rocks of the Shanxi Formation in the Huanghua Depression were taken as the research object. With the determination and analysis of organic carbon content, rock pyrolysis, and vitrinite reflectance, we found that the organic matter abundance (i.e., TOC which changed from 20.3 % to 80.0 %), hydrocarbon generation potential (i.e., S1 + S2 which varied from 7.82 mg/g to 208.81 mg/g), and kerogen types (mainly type II2) of the coal were better than carbonaceous mudstone and coaly shale. Maceral component identification indicated that coal and carbonaceous mudstone had more liptinite (i.e. cutinite and sporinite)and hydrogen-rich vitrinite, while coaly shale was mainly composed of hydrogen-poor vitrinite and a small amount of liptinite. The analysis of the ratios of major and trace elements, normal alkanes, and isoparaffin suggested that the paleo-water salinity of coal and carbonaceous mudstone deposition was more than that of part coaly shale. Revealed by the weak reduction of their deposi-tional environment, the development of high-quality coal and carbonaceous mudstone was mostly controlled by the input of oil-and gas-prone organic matter. The formation of high-quality coaly shale was chiefly dominated by a strong reduction environment with an insignificant amount of organic matter input. The formation model of high-quality coaly source rocks was established. This model can be used to predict the distribution of coal mines and coaly source rocks in the Huanghua Depression and Bohai Bay Basin.