Nanostructured catalysts for CO2 reduction: systematic insights and emerging strategies

Nanostructured catalysts have emerged as potential materials for CO2 reduction, with improved catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. This review covers the theoretical features, synthesis procedures, performance enhancement, and mechanistic insights of nanostructured catalysts for CO2 reduction in depth. The discussion was focused mainly on metal nanoparticles typically employed as nanostructured catalysts for CO2 reduction, metal oxide nanostructures in the reduction of CO2, and carbon-based nanomaterials in relation to their involvement in catalytic CO2 reduction. The main findings emphasize the significance of catalyst nanostructure in improving specific surface areas and enhancing catalytic efficiency. To create nanostructured catalysts with regulated size, shape, and structure, several synthesis methods such as chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel, electrochemical deposition, template-assisted synthesis, and bottom-up assembly, have been used. The nanostructure of CO2 reduction catalysts influences their efficiency because it improves mass transport, charge transfer kinetics, and the formation of distinct active sites. Surface modification methods such as alloying, doping, and functionalization have been investigated in order to alter surface chemistry and improve catalytic performance. The paper further highlights existing research constraints, such as the long-term stability of nanostructured catalysts and the scalability of fabrication processes. Future research areas include improving catalytic stability, selectivity, and scalability, as well as combining nanostructured catalysts with renewable energy sources to reduce CO2 emissions in a sustainable manner. Overall, nanostructured catalysts show considerable potential in terms of increasing CO2 reduction technology and contributing to a more sustainable future.