The pullout capacity of OMNI-Max anchors in sand

As the latest development and benchmark of a gravity installed anchor (GIA), the OMNI-Max anchor stands as a cutting-edge achievement and benchmark, finding increasingly widespread use within mooring systems due to its exceptional operational performance and adaptability. Notably, while investigations into the pullout capacity of OMNI-Max anchors have been conducted extensively in clay, the relevant studies are seldom observed in sand. Actually, the mechanical properties of sand are quite different from those of clay, and sand is also widely distributed in seabed soil. Full knowledge of OMNI-Max anchors not only in clay but also in sand is necessary to a wider application of the anchors. In the present work, the large deformation finite element (LDFE) method is adopted combined with the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) technique to study the end-bearing characteristics of the OMNI-Max anchor in sand seabeds. A bounding-surface plasticity model is taken as the constitutive model to capture the characteristics of sand. Through investigation and analysis, OMNI-Max anchors are closely related to the anchor embedment depth, the soil relative density, the anchor orientation, the loading angle and the bearing area, so the working conditions related to these five factors are designed and calculated. An explicit expression of the end-bearing capacity factor is finally derived to provide a simple and fast tool of evaluating the pullout capacity of the anchor in sand under multiple factors. Validation cases and orthogonal tests have confirmed the effectiveness and applicability of the explicit expression.