Diseases Affecting Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals With Trisomy 21

Background: The life expectancy of individuals with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) has risen to more than 60 years over the past few decades. As a result, diseases arising in mid and later life have become an issue of major concern in the care of indi-viduals with DS. This article discusses and summarizes, from a multidisciplinary perspective, the diseases commonly affecting this population. Methods: This narrative review is based on publications identified by a selective literature search, extrapolation of the available evidence, and the authors' personal experience.Results: Robust epidemiological evidence indicates that many different diseases, which are dealt with by many different medical specialties, are more common in individuals with DS. The genetic background of some of these diseases is now understood down to the molecular level, e.g., primary hypothyroidism or Alzheimer's disease in DS. Recent gains in epidemiological and pathophysiological understanding contrast with a dearth of evidence on treatment for most of these disorders.Conclusion: In view of the complexity of DS-associated morbidity, it would be desirable for DS-specific multidisciplinary care to be made available to patients with DS.