The Geographical Digital Divide: Urban-Rural, Regional and Gender Inequalities of Digital Transformation in Turkey

Although the existence of a global digital divide between developed and developing countries is well-known, there are crucial inequalities in internet and computer access in different regions, cities, and even in different neighborhoods of the same city. This article aims to map the geographical digital divide in Turkey by using data about internet access, internet speed, computer ownership, and internet cafe access from the World Bank, OECD, Eurostat, TurkStat, Speedtest, BTK, and Google Earth. According to our findings, the digital divide in Turkey has four geographical dimensions. First, in the global digital divide, Western European and North American countries have developed digital infrastructure, while developing countries such as Turkey fall short in fiber connection and fixed broadband internet. Second, there are sharp digital disparities between cities to the east and west. Especially in coastal areas and industrialized cities, internet speed and computer access are high, while in rural areas it is quite low. Third, the difference in digital development between cities also exists between regions. Fourth, in the Eastern regions, where the education level is low, women's access to computers is considerably less than that of men. As a result, in Turkey, which is behind developed countries in digitalization, there are increasing digital inequalities between urban-rural regions due to insufficient infrastructure and low income. The fact that women have lower access to digital technology compared to men shows that the digital divide problem in Turkey has a cultural dimension in addition to low income.