Pretreatment and catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic and algal biomass into biofuels by metal organic frameworks

Developing countries are facing burning issue of energy crisis and increasing pollution. There is a need of exploring alternatives to conventional fuels due to the limited resources of fossil fuels and CO2 emission. Hydrogen is considered to be a promising next-generation energy resource because it is sustainable, green, and carbon free. Various methodologies have been adopted to extract hydrogen from different sources particularly from algal and lignocellulosic biomass to cope the hazardous effects of fossil-based fuels. Keeping in view the importance of algal/lignocellulosic biomass, the first part of the review comparatively analyzes the pretreatment methods and biohydrogen yields from algal/lignocellulosic biomass are tabulated. The second part of the review covers the catalytic conversion of pretreated biomass into biofuel and other valuable chemicals using metal organic frameworks (MOFs). Finally, current challenges and future research directions are also summed up that will be helpful for the scientists to produce eco-friendly fuels.