Energy Management Systems in Sustainable Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Energy: A Technical Review

In this paper, we exploit state-of-the-art energy management in sustainable smart cities employing the Internet of Energy (IoE). The primary goal of this study is to leverage cutting-edge energy management techniques through the IoE in sustainable smart cities to bring about significant improvements in clean energy processes while targeting environmental benefits, efficiency enhancements, sustainability, and cost reduction. In this work, we present a comprehensive exploration of energy management strategies within the context of IoE-enabled sustainable smart cities. Firstly, we provide a detailed classification of diverse energy management approaches pertinent to IoE-based sustainable smart cities. This classification covers a spectrum of methodologies, including scheduling optimization, the design of low-power device transceivers, cognitive frameworks, and the integration of cloud computing technology. Furthermore, we highlight the pivotal role of smart grids as fundamental elements in the establishment of smart cities. Within this context, we offer a comprehensive overview of the essential components that underlie smart grids, with a notable focus on the intricate realm of micro/nanogrids. Moreover, our research delves comprehensively into energy harvesting within the context of smart cities. We analyze crucial facets like receiver design, energy optimization methods, a variety of energy sources, efficient energy scheduling approaches, and the establishment of effective energy routing mechanisms. Additionally, we delve into the multifaceted nature of sustainable smart cities across various domains. Our investigation reaches its culmination in the creation of a novel conceptual framework and the identification of enabling technologies centered on effective energy management. Lastly, we contribute to the field by outlining the current research challenges and mapping potential research directions relevant to energy management within sustainable smart cities, capitalizing on the capabilities of the IoT.