The Landscape of Outpatient Pediatric Palliative Care: A National Cross-Sectional Assessment

Context. Inpatient pediatric palliative care (PPC) has grown substantially over the past 20 years; however, PPC in the outpa-tient setting remains underdeveloped. Outpatient PPC (OPPC) offers opportunities to improve access to PPC as well as facilitate care coordination and transitions for children with serious illness.Objectives. This study aimed to characterize the national status of OPPC programmatic development and operationalization in the United States.Methods. Utilizing a national report, freestanding children's hospitals with existing PPC programs were identified to query OPPC status. An electronic survey was developed and distributed to PPC participants at each site. Survey domains included hos-pital and PPC program demographics; OPPC development, structure, staffing, and workflow; metrics of successful OPPC imple-mentation; and other services/partnerships.Results. Of 48 eligible sites, 36 (75%) completed the survey. Clinic-based OPPC programs were identified at 28 (78%) sites. OPPC programs reported a median age of 9 years [range: 1-18 years] with growth peaks in 2011, 2012 and 2020. OPPC avail-ability was significantly associated with increased hospital size [P = 0.05] and inpatient PPC billable full time equivalent staff [P = 0.01]. Top referral indications included pain management, goals of care, and advance care planning. Funding primarily came from institutional support and billing revenue.Conclusions. Although OPPC remains a young field, many inpatient PPC programs are growing into the outpatient setting. Increasingly, OPPC services have institutional support and diverse referral indications from multiple subspecialties. However, despite high demand, resources remain limited. Characterization of the current OPPC landscape is crucial to optimize future growth. J Pain Symptom Manage 2023;66:1-23. & COPY; 2023 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.