Anaphylaxis caused by pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Introduction Pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF), is commonly used to prevent and/or treat neutropenia caused by tumor chemotherapy and radiotherapy with reduced clearance, increased plasma half-life, sustained biologic activity, and good safety. PEG-rhG-CSF anaphylaxis was rare. Case report A 55-year-old male Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patient appeared with chest tightness, increased heart rate, and decreased blood pressure after taking PEG-rhG-CSF used as a primary treatment for neutropenia caused by chemoradiotherapy. The patient's anaphylaxis is likely due to PEG-rhG-CSF. Management and outcome 0.9% sodium chloride 250 mL and dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection 5 mg were carried out. After close observation, the symptoms were improved. Two months later, the patient was readministered with PEG-rhG-CSF and anaphylaxis reoccurred. After the last contact with PEG-rhG-CSF, the patient was prescribed rhG-CSF for many times and did not experience any adverse reactions. Discussion PEGylated drugs are not free of risk and immune-mediated adverse events are of concern. PEG is a substance capable of triggering an immune response. The mechanism of PEG involved IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and non-IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, and requires further research. PEGylated drugs are not free of risk and immune-mediated adverse events are of concern.