Plug-in fuel cell vehicle performance and battery sizing optimization based on reduced fuel cell energy consumption and waste heat

The fuel cell vehicle was evaluated in this study by taking into account the cooling circuit of the fuel cell stacks as well as the separate cooling circuit for the battery and the electric motor under various operating conditions. The simulated model includes all vehicle components, focusing on the fuel cell's heating and cooling system. Given that the speed of the all-electric mode can significantly affect the vehicle's performance, the car's performance and the cooling system have been investigated by changing the control system of the fuel cell. The functionality of the fuel cell vehicle is also evaluated, as well as the energy usage of the coolant and the power consumption ratio of the battery and fuel cell. Furthermore, the vehicle's size in relation to the plug-in vehicle's energy management approach is carefully considered. Furthermore, battery charging and discharging must be mini-mized to extend the battery lifespan, whereas its capacity should be raised to expand the navigation range. Therefore, an upgraded multi-objective genetic algorithm with high convergence and accuracy was used. The optimization results showed that by increasing the battery capacity to 4 and 6 times compared to the normal mode, the range of the vehicle could be increased, and it also improves the reduction of the ratio of energy consumption to the range of travel. Furthermore, the results show that the optimized model reduces energy consumption for cooling the system by about 10%.