Database of emission factors of volatile organic compound (VOC) species in motor vehicle exhaust in China

The synergistic strategy for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and O3 pollution prevention and control has emerged as a pivotal approach in combating air pollution. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) serve as crucial precursors to both O3 and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), with motor vehicles representing one of their significant sources. In this study, a standard for establishing a database of VOC species emission factors for motor vehicles was developed, and a database containing 134 VOC species was constructed through field tests and literature surveys. The VOC emissions of light-duty gasoline passenger vehicles (LDGPVs) comprised primarily alkanes and aromatics. The VOC emissions of light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) comprised mostly alkanes. Regarding lowspeed trucks, 3-wheel vehicles, medium-duty diesel trucks (MDDTs) and heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs), their VOC emissions comprised mainly oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). The update of emission standards resulted in a reduction in VOC species emission factors while altering the composition of VOCs. Attention should be directed toward isopentane, benzene and dichloromethane emitted by LDGPVs, dodecane, undecane, ethene and propene emitted by LDDTs, and acetaldehyde emitted by HDDTs. VOC species originating from LDGPVs were more dispersed than those originating from LDDTs and HDDTs. In addition, variations in VOC species were observed among motor vehicles with different fuel types. Toluene, ethene, benzene, m,p-xylene, isopentane, hexanal, ethyne and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were the predominant VOC species emitted by gasoline vehicles. Diesel vehicles emitted mainly dodecane, formaldehyde, propene, undecane, acetaldehyde, ethene, decane and benzene. The results could enhance our comprehension of the emission characteristics of VOC species originating from motor vehicles and provide data support and a scientific foundation for achieving synergistic PM2.5 and O3 pollution prevention and control.