A Study of Elemental Composition and Risk Assessment Due to Exposure to Indoor PM10 in Two Residences in Mexico City

Samples of airborne particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 10 mu m (PM10) were collected in 2021 at two households in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. Both sites are in areas with different characteristics (residential or industrial zones). Simultaneous sampling indoors and outdoors was carried out at the two locations, using low-volume samplers. The study aimed to determine the indoor and outdoor gravimetric mass and elemental concentrations, identify emitting sources and possible penetration towards the households enhanced by natural ventilation, and assess risks to human health due to inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, through hazard quotients. Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Se, and Pb concentrations were measured with X-ray fluorescence. Mass concentrations were higher indoors than outdoors, and most elemental concentrations had similar values in both environments. Cluster analysis was applied to identify possible emitting sources. The results showed a strong penetration of geogenic and industrial emissions at the Iztapalapa site, while only particles of industrial origin entered the interior of the Tlalnepantla dwelling, in both cases caused by the natural ventilation of the households. Health risks due to exposure to particles containing Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mn are not significant, and Pb and Cr only pose a risk via ingestion for men and women, although for children, there is a risk due to ingestion of all these elements.