Effectiveness of resilience interventions among cancer patients - A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials

Purpose: This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression aimed to (1) evaluate the effects of resilience interventions on cancer patients' resilience and posttraumatic growth and (2) identify essential contents and features of resilience interventions.Methods: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Published and un-published randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of resilience interventions among cancer patients were retrieved from nine databases, trial registries, and grey literature. The mean and standard deviation scores were used to compute the effect sizes.Results: 23 randomised controlled trials comprising 3287 cancer patients were included. The random effects model found that resilience interventions had beneficial impacts on patients' resilience, posttraumatic growth, quality of life, anxiety, and depressive symptoms with moderate to large effects. The subgroup analyses concluded that theoretically guided interventions that adopted synchronous communication delivered physically had greater effect sizes. Interventions comprising skills that promote patients' cognitive flexibility, self-efficacy, self-esteem, self-regulation, and coping had greater effect in comparison with interventions lacking these components. The meta-regression analyses revealed that sample size has a significant effect on posttraumatic growth scores. More well-designed trials are needed to confirm the effects of resilience interventions.Conclusions: There is merit in utilizing resilience interventions to improve cancer patients' resilience and psychological well-being. Resilience interventions should be incorporated into the routine care for cancer patients and survivors.