RETRACTED: Development of carbon dots to manage Alzheimer?s disease and Parkinson?s disease (Retracted article. See vol. 146, 2023)

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) in the central nervous system are characterized through a pro-gressive loss of neural structure due to the synthesis of abnormal extracellular and intracellular proteins, such as misfolded beta-amyloid peptide (A beta), entangled tau protein and aggregated alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). Various nano-materials thrived to overcome these pathobiological problems. However, most of the approaches achieved limited success in clinical trials, partly owing to the obstruction in pharmaceutical transfer across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during diagnosis and therapy.Methods: Hence, inventing brain-targeted biomaterials for simultaneous detection and treatment for NDs has become an essential demand in medical practice. Carbon dots (CDs) attracted particular attention by biomedical researchers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) management because of their small size, superior physicochemical properties, excellent photostability, tunable surface functionality, apposite biode-gradability, noninvasiveness, and high ability to penetrate the BBB and upgraded targeting efficacy.Significant findings: In this review, we deliberated the capacity of innovated CDs to sustain drug delivery with deep bioimaging nature, permeate the BBB, disaggregate A beta and alpha-syn fibrils with transformed secondary structure, repress acetylcholinesterase activity, lessen synaptic loss for rescuing neurons from apoptosis, and alleviate AD and PD symptoms with promoted cognitive and mobile function. We also discussed the restrictions and questions that remain, and the future perspective of CDs for ND treatment.