Probiotic-fermented Portulaca oleracea L. alleviated DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Probiotic fermentation is a mild and safe biological method to boost the per-formance of herbs. Portulaca oleracea L. (PO), with folklore records of purgative, anti-dermatological and anti-epidemic effects, has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties. However, the potential of PO for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been sufficiently explored.Aim of study: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of PO and fermented Portulaca oleracea L. (FPO) and explore their intrinsic mechanisms. Methods: By utilizing 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD mice as a model, the histopathology of the lesions was observed using H&E and toluidine blue staining methods; the levels of immunoglobulin E (Ig E), histamine (HIS), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in serum were measured using ELISA, whereas, the expression of inflammatory cytokines in skin lesion was measured using ELISA and immunohistochemistry experiments. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IKK alpha, NF-kappa B mRNA was measured using qPCR; and the expression of TNF-alpha?p-IKK alpha, p-I kappa B alpha, p-NF-kappa B was measured using western blotting.Results: Both 20 mg/mL PO and FPO alleviated mast cell infiltration and lesion pathology, reduced serum levels of Ig E, HIS and TSLP, down-regulated the expression of AD-related inflammatory cytokines, such as, TNF-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4, and increased filaggrin expression. Furthermore, they inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha, IKK alpha, and NF-kappa B genes and TNF-alpha, p-IKK alpha, p-NF-kappa B and p-I kappa B alpha proteins associated with the NF-kappa B signaling pathway.Conclusions: PO and FPO has a positive therapeutic potential on AD, indicating that it may be employed as alternative therapies for AD.