Psychoanalytic ego psychology: A European perspective

The best way to reconstruct the history of psychoanalytic ideas is to begin from the study not of theories, but of the various authors and their contexts. Important contributions to the study of the ego in Europe had already come from Ferenczi and Fenichel, well before Hartmann founded Ego Psychology (EP), which became mainstream in North America. In Europe, before World War II, significant contributions to what here is called "psychoanalytic ego psychology" (Pep) (contrasted with Hartmann's EP) came from Anna Freud, Paul Federn, and Gustav Bally. After World War II, contributions came from Alexander Mitscherlich, Paul Parin, and Johannes Cremerius in the German-speaking community, and from Joseph Sandler in the UK. If this is the case, we should then talk of "ego psychologies" in the same way as we talk of the various object relations theories. Pep - as it was described in the guiding principles formulated by Fenichel in the 1930s - keeps informing the clinical work of many psychoanalysts, even if they are not fully aware of it. For example, it represents the basic ingredient of the empirically verifiable "psychoanalytic therapy" formulated in detail by Helmut Thoma and Horst Kachele.