Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan

The Lahore Canal (LC) in Lahore city of Pakistan, with the discharge of 402 cusecs, runs along the city's centre. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the LC water is deteriorating. This study determined the water quality index and spatial distribution of pollutants. Three months of sampling from six separate locations were performed. Water quality parameters were analysed. The results indicated that pH, solids, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and chlorides were within guidelines, but DO BOD and nitrogen were beyond guidelines. Moderate BOD values (2.24-8.06 mg/L) and low DO values (0.13-3.56 mg/L) indicated a low oxygen environment. Heavy metal concentration was as follows: Fe. Pb. Cr. Cu. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated+ poor to moderate (0.7) correlation. The ANOVA result supported the alternative hypothesis, i.e., the pollutants originated from the same source. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed three primary sources for the different pollutants based on loading variance and Euclidean distance, respectively. The WQI of LC at all locations was above 300, indicating that LC water is not suitable for any usage. The spatial distribution of parameters indicated the effects of urbanization and commercialization (small household industries) at Location-4. The poor water quality of LC needs immediate government attention.