Sustainable approach for adsorptive removal of cationic and anionic dyes by titanium oxide nanoparticles synthesized biogenically using algal extract of Spirulina

Worldwide, dyes are significant pollutants present in water because of their huge consumption for industrial purposes. These dyes as pollutants cause serious health issues in human beings and cause the loss of aquatic biodiversity. So, remediation of pollutants like dyes from wastewater is the need of the hour. In the present study, we greenly synthesized Spirulina-mediated titanium oxide nanoparticles (STONPs) for the adsorptive remediation of methyl orange (MO) (anionic) and malachite green (MG) (cationic) dyes. The characterization of STONPs was performed by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with EDX, FT-IR, XRD, Zeta Potential and particle size analyzer, Raman spectroscopy, and UV-vis. The various parameter effects like pH, nano-adsorbent dose, the concentration of dye, contact time, and temperature were also examined. Adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin, and Kinetics models like Elovich Model, Pseudo 1st, intraparticle diffusion model (IPDM), Pseudo 2nd order, and the thermodynamic model were applied for a stronger interpretation. The q max attained utilizing the Langmuir adsorption model was 272.4795 mg g(-1) and 209.6436 mg g(-1) for MO and MG correspondingly. The regeneration study of synthesized nanomaterials up to five cycles was also done. We found that greenly synthesized STONPs have great potential for adsorptive remediation for both MG and MO dyes.