Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Solid Carbon: Development, Challenges, and Perspectives

The persistent utilization of fossil fuels has resultedin a continuousincrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. As a potential solutionto environmental concerns, the electrochemical reduction of carbondioxide to solid carbon is recognized for its straightforward operation,precise reaction control, and environment friendliness. Moreover,with this process combined with renewable energy sources, such assolar or wind power, electrochemical reduction can further contributeto reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development.However, the strong double covalent bond between carbon and oxygenatoms and the degradation of the electrodes hinder the commercializationof this technology. Several strategies have been reported, includingreduction of carbon dioxide in solid oxide electrolysis cells, inmolten salt and liquid metal, and using a hybrid electro-thermochemicallooping strategy. This mini-review presents a systematic and criticalanalysis of the experimental conditions, mechanisms, and product morphologiesreported in the literature, thereby offering reference for futureresearch endeavors in this rapidly emerging field.