Residual stresses and deformations of laser additive manufactured metal parts: a review

Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technology is based on three-dimensional digital models, using laser as an energy source to melt metal materials layer by layer to form target parts. LAM technology can produce metal parts with complex structures, but the residual stress generated during the LAM process causes deformation. Therefore, in order to facilitate wide application of LAM parts in industry, it is of great significance to improve the dimensional accuracy and reduce the deformation of the LAM parts. This paper summarizes the factors affecting the residual stress and deformation of LAM parts, introduces the methods commonly used to detect the residual stress and deformation of LAM parts, and compares their applications, advantages and disadvantages, expounds five methods for predicting the deformation of LAM parts, introduces the deformation compensation method based on the reverse compensation principle, and puts forward the deformation detection method that may be employed to LAM parts in the future.