Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift

The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population mean black hole accretion rate ( BHAR over bar ) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (M star) and redshift for the general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of BHAR over bar as a function of M star and redshift over ranges of 10(9.5) < M star < 10(12) M-circle dot and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate BHAR over bar and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. BHAR over bar is constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure BHAR over bar for star-forming and quiescent galaxies and show that star-forming BHAR over bar is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent BHAR over bar .