Radiative effect of atmospheric Brown clouds over the Indo-Gangetic plain

Atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) are widespread hazy accumulation of particles and gases dominant with absorbing nature impacting the air quality, hydrology and climate. The Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) being an ABCs hotspots is prone to extreme pollution episodes due to anthropogenic activities. However, there is a scarcity of studies that specifically compare episodes of absorbing aerosols (ABCs) and comparatively non-absorbing aerosols (non-ABCs) along with their respective radiative impacts over the IGP. Here, we have used groundbased remote-sensors' retrieved datasets from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) to study spatio-temporal variation of ABCs' frequency and associated radiative properties across the IGP region during 2001-2019. The shortwave aerosol radiative effect (ARE) during ABC and non-ABC episodes is estimated using Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model. Our results show significant spatial variability in the frequency of ABC episodes across the IGP stations with -17 +/- 5%, -19 +/- 11% and -18 +/- 13% average occurrence during winter, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. ARE estimations show enhanced surface dimming (ARESRF) and atmospheric warming (AREATM) during ABC episodes as compared to non-ABC episodes. A general increasing trend for ARE is observed as we move from west to east across the IGP due to the meteorological and geographical variations in the region. Our results show day-time averaged ARESRF varying between -142.46 +/- 25.13 and -56.66 +/- 6.88 W/m2 while AREATM ranging from 58.07 +/- 2.58 to 132.69 +/- 7.43 W/m2 for ABC episodes. Though ABC episodes show lower aerosol loading as compared to nonABC episodes in our study, we found higher atmospheric heating during ABC episodes mainly due to distinct chemical composition (lower single scattering albedo) of absorbing aerosols. The upper bound of the difference between atmospheric heating rate during ABC and non-ABC episodes is found to be 0.48 +/- 0.27 K/day.