Angle bisector method to determine the accurate angle for tibiofibular syndesmotic fixation: A validation study with 3D-printed anatomical models

Purpose: This study aimed to validate the angle bisector method on 3D-printed ankle models to reveal whether it aids in placing syndesmotic screws at an accurate trajectory that is patient-and level-specific and also not surgeon-dependent.Methods: DICOM data of 16 ankles were used to create 3D anatomical models. Then the models were printed in their original size and two trauma surgeons performed the syndesmotic fixations with the angle bisector method at 2 cm and 3.5 cm proximal to joint space. Afterward, the models were sectioned to reveal the trajectory of the screws. The photos of the axial sections were processed in a software to determine the centroidal axis which is defined as true syndesmotic axis and analyze its relationship with the screws inserted. The angle between the centroidal axis and syndesmotic screw was measured by two-blinded observers 2 times with 2 weeks interval.Results: The average angle between the centroidal axis and screw trajectory was 2.4 degrees +/- 2 degrees at 2 cm-level and 1.3 degrees +/- 1.5 degrees at 3.5 cm-level, indicating a reliable direction with minimal differences at both levels. The average distance between fibular entry points of the centroidal axis and screw trajectory was less than 1 mm at both levels indicating that the angle bisector method can provide an excellent entry point from fibula for syndesmotic fixation. The inter-& intra-observer consistencies were excellent with all ICC values above 0.90.Conclusion: The angle bisector method provided an accurate syndesmotic axis for implant placement which is patient-& level-specific and not surgeon-dependent, in 3D-printed anatomical ankle models.(c) 2023 European Foot and Ankle Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.