Thermal modulation of mitochondrial function is affected by environmental nickel in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, we investigated the combined effects of temperature and nickel (Ni) contamination on liver mitochondria electron transport system (ETS) enzymes, citrate synthase (CS), phospholipid fatty acid composi-tion and lipid peroxidation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile trout were acclimated for two weeks to two different temperatures (5C and 15C) and exposed to nickel (Ni; 520 mu g/L) for three weeks. Using ratios of ETS enzymes and CS activities, our data suggest that Ni and an elevated temperature acted synergistically to induce a higher capacity for reduction status of the ETS. The response of phospholipid fatty acid profiles to thermal variation was also altered under nickel exposure. In control conditions, the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was higher at 15C than at 5C, while the opposite was observed for monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, in nickel contaminated fish, the proportion of SFA was higher at 5C than at 15C, while PUFA and MUFA followed the opposite direction. A higher PUFA ratio is associated with higher vulnerability to lipid peroxidation. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) content was higher when the PUFA were in higher proportions, except for Ni-exposed, warm-acclimated fish, in which we reported the lowest level of TBARS but the highest proportion of PUFA. We suspect that the interaction of nickel and temperature on lipid peroxidation is due to their synergistic effects on aerobic energy metabolism, as supported by the decrease in the activity of complex IV of the ETS enzyme activity in those fish, or on antioxidant enzymes and pathways. Overall, our study demonstrates that Ni exposure in heat-challenged fish can lead to the remodelling of the mitochondrial phenotype and potentially stimulate alternative antioxidant mechanisms.