2′-19F labelling of ribose in RNAs: a tool to analyse RNA/protein interactions by NMR in physiological conditions

Protein-RNA interactions are central to numerous cellular processes. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward NMR-based approach to determine the RNA binding site of RNA binding proteins and to evaluate the binding of pairs of proteins to a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) under physiological conditions, in this case in nuclear extracts. By incorporation of a F-19 atom on the ribose of different nucleotides along the ssRNA sequence, we show that, upon addition of an RNA binding protein, the intensity of the F-19 NMR signal changes when the F-19 atom is located near the protein binding site. Furthermore, we show that the addition of pairs of proteins to a ssRNA containing two F-19 atoms at two different locations informs on their concurrent binding or competition. We demonstrate that such studies can be done in a nuclear extract that mimics the physiological environment in which these protein-ssRNA interactions occur. Finally, we demonstrate that a trifluoromethoxy group (-OCF3) incorporated in the 2 ' ribose position of ssRNA sequences increases the sensitivity of the NMR signal, leading to decreased measurement times, and reduces the issue of RNA degradation in cellular extracts.