Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) as a phytoremediator for soils contaminated by heavy metals in abandoned mines

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. is a plant with a wide distribution that expands throughout almost all Mexican territory and is used in traditional medicine to treat many ailments. This species has been found associated with polluted areas, including mine tailings. Huautla, Morelos, Mexico, was a metallurgic district where mining activities generated 780,000 tons of waste rich in metals, deposited at 500 m from the town without any treatment; this situation has been related to different environmental threats and human health risks. The study was carried out for 18 months on seedlings developed under greenhouse conditions in two treatments: control substrate and mine tailings substrate. The concentration of six metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) was measured through atomic absorption spectrophotometry in plant tissues, roots, and leaves. Effects of metal exposure were analyzed by size, micro-morphological character changes, and genetic damage in foliar tissue using the comet assay. The results showed significantly higher metal concentrations in the roots and leaves of individuals growing on the mine tailing substrate in comparison to the same plants tissues growing on control substrate. Positive and significant relationships between exposure time and metal concentration in roots and leaves, and between metal bioaccumulation in leaves and genetic damage were registered. Four out of six micro-morphological and size characters evaluated decreased significantly in exposed plants, except for stomatic index and root biomass. The most important metals in terms of the number of significantly affected micro-morphological and size characters showed the next pattern: Fe > Cd = Cr = Pb > Cu > Zn. D. viscosa is an efficient accumulator of Cu, Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn in its root and leaf tissues. Overall, metal translocation factors in exposed D. viscosa plants showed the following pattern: Zn > Cu > Cd. We conclude that D. viscosa has the potential to phytoextract (Zn, Cu, and Cd), and phytostabilize (Cu, Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn) metals from polluted soils, and along with its abundance, natural establishment in mine tailings, high levels of metal translocation, and bioconcentration factors, without affecting plant development, it can be an ideal candidate for phytoremediation of metal polluted soils.