Occurrence, behavior and fate of liquid crystal monomers in municipal wastewater

Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), the essential substances used in the display screen of electronic devices, have been proposed as a class of emerging chemicals of concern. Despite their detection in various environmental matrices, little is known about the presence of LCMs in municipal sewage systems. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, distribution, and fate of 64 LCMs released into the aqueous environment from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Hong Kong, China. In total 14 LCMs were detected in WWTP samples. Specifically, the sigma 14LCMs concentrations in crude influent, final effluent, and final sludge were found to be 16.8 +/- 0.3 ng/L, 2.71 +/- 0.05 ng/L, and 19.2 +/- 1.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Among them, 10 fluorinated LCMs (F-LCMs) were determined to be present at concentrations of 8.90 +/- 0.10 ng/L, 1.69 +/- 0.05 ng/L, and 9.94 +/- 1.00 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The predominant non-fluorinated LCMs (NF-LCMs) detected in all samples were 3OCB and EPhEMOB, while 2OdF3B was the dominant F-LCM. The overall removal rate of total LCMs was 83.8 +/- 0.3 %, with 25.4 +/- 4.8 % being removed by biodegradation and UV treatment. Compared to NF-LCMs, FLCMs were more resistant to biodegradation. Despite the significant removal of LCMs through WWTP, the remaining LCMs in final effluent could result in an annual emission of 3.04 kg of total LCMs from the population of Hong Kong. This study provides the first evidence of LCMs contamination in municipal wastewater, possibly arising from routine electronic devices usage. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the potential impact of LCMs emission via WWTP effluent on the aquatic receiving ecosystem.