A Comprehensive Review on Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Presentation, Pathophysiology and Management

被引:9
|
作者
Sultana, Qamar [1 ,2 ]
Kar, Jill [2 ,3 ]
Verma, Amogh [2 ,4 ]
Sanghvi, Shreya [2 ,5 ]
Kaka, Nirja [2 ,6 ]
Patel, Neil [2 ,6 ]
Sethi, Yashendra [2 ,7 ]
Chopra, Hitesh [8 ]
Kamal, Mohammad Amjad [9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ]
Greig, Nigel H. H. [14 ]
机构
[1] Deccan Coll Med Sci, Dept Med, Hyderabad 500058, India
[2] PearResearch, Dehra Dun 248001, India
[3] Lady Hardinge Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Med, New Delhi 110001, India
[4] Rama Med Coll Hosp, Res Ctr, Hapur 245304, India
[5] Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Med Coll & Gen Hosp, Mumbai 400022, India
[6] GMERS Med Coll, Dept Med, Himmatnagar 390021, India
[7] HNB Uttarakhand Med Educ Univ, Govt Doon Med Coll, Dehra Dun 248001, India
[8] Chitkara Univ, Chitkara Coll Pharm, Rajpura 140401, India
[9] Sichuan Univ, West China Hosp, Inst Syst Genet, Frontiers Sci Ctr Dis, Chengdu 610017, Peoples R China
[10] King Abdulaziz Univ, King Fahd Med Res Ctr, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
[11] Daffodil Int Univ, Fac Allied Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
[12] Enzymo, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
[13] Novel Global Community Educ Fdn, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
[14] Natl Inst Aging, NIH, Intramural Res Program, Translat Gerontol Branch,Drug Design & Dev Sect, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
基金
美国国家卫生研究院;
关键词
neuroendocrine tumors; neuroendocrine carcinomas; carcinoid syndrome; pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors; gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; ENETS CONSENSUS GUIDELINES; NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE; MERKEL CELL-CARCINOMA; CHROMOGRANIN-A; SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGS; SURGICAL-MANAGEMENT; NUCLEAR-MEDICINE; MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS; PROGNOSTIC-FACTORS; CLINICAL-FEATURES;
D O I
10.3390/jcm12155138
中图分类号
R5 [内科学];
学科分类号
1002 ; 100201 ;
摘要
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of heterogeneous tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation that can arise from any organ. They account for 2% of all malignancies in the United States. A significant proportion of NEN patients experience endocrine imbalances consequent to increased amine or peptide hormone secretion, impacting their quality of life and prognosis. Over the last decade, pathologic categorization, diagnostic techniques and therapeutic choices for NENs-both well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs)-have appreciably evolved. Diagnosis of NEN mostly follows a suspicion from clinical features or incidental imaging findings. Hormonal or non-hormonal biomarkers (like serum serotonin, urine 5-HIAA, gastrin and VIP) and histology of a suspected NEN is, therefore, critical for both confirmation of the diagnosis and classification as an NET or NEC. Therapy for NENs has progressed recently based on a better molecular understanding, including the involvement of mTOR, VEGF and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), which add to the growing evidence supporting the possibility of treatment beyond complete resection. As the incidence of NENs is on the rise in the United States and several other countries, physicians are more likely to see these cases, and their better understanding may support earlier diagnosis and tailoring treatment to the patient. We have compiled clinically significant evidence for NENs, including relevant changes to clinical practice that have greatly updated our diagnostic and therapeutic approach for NEN patients.
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页数:34
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