Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis to replace in-feed antibiotics of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis-challenged experiments: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Necrotic enteritis (NE) and coccidiosis are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in broiler chickens, contributing to large profitability losses. Bacillus subtilis is a promising direct-fed probiotic to counter various pathogens infection in broiler chickens. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of B. subtilis on broiler chickens performance. A total of 28 studies were selected according to a PRISMA checklist. Random-effect model and mixed-effect model of meta-analysis were fitted to estimate the overall effects of B. subtilis (BS) treatment compared to either the control group (CON) or NE-infected group (NEinf) as a base -line. Hedges' g effect size and its variance were used as estimators of standardized mean difference (SMD) calcu-lation where the results were presented at a 95% confi-dence interval (95% CI) of the SMD. Overall, NEinf broiler chickens depressed (P < 0.01) body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed intake, and elevated < feed conversion ratio Treatment with BS improved ADG and final BW of NEinf with no differ-ence (P = 0.15) between BS and antibiotics (AB), indi-cating that they had comparable efficacy to treat NE in broiler chickens. BS supplemented to uninfected CON (BSS) improved (P < 0.01) final BW, ADG, and FCR. Compared to CON, BS, and AB failed to recover the FCR but these treatments decreased (P < 0.01) FCR when compared to the NEinf group with similar efficacy (P = 0.97). As expected, NEinf birds had a higher mortal-ity rate (P < 0.01) and higher lesion score (P < 0.01) compared to CON, and treatment using AB and BS suc-cessfully decreased (P < 0.01) the mortality rate and lesion score. Compared to BS, AB was more effective to lower (P = 0.01) mortality rate, but comparable (P = 0.65) to minimize lesion score. To conclude, B. sub-tilis could be an effective natural additive to replace in-feed antibiotics in broiler chickens challenged with C. per-fringens. However, the efficacy to reduce mortality rate was better with antibiotics treatment.