Demographic and Regional Trends of Cardiogenic Shock-Related Mortality in Young Adults in the United States, 1999 to 2019

Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains a leading cause of mortality not only in patients with acute myocardial infarction but also in those with decompensated heart failure, postcardiotomy shock, cardiomyopathies, or acute myocarditis.1 Updated data regarding the CS-related mortality rate in US young adults, defined as sub-jects aged 25 to 44 years,2 are lacking.3 In this study, we assessed the CS-related mortality rate in young adults in the United States over the last 2 decades, stratified by gender, race, and urbanization using the Centers for Dis-ease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research mortality data set. the related deaths using the annual national population totals from the US Census Bureau and the 2000 US stan-dard population.6 To calculate nationwide annual trends in CS-related mortality, we assessed the annual percent change (APC) and average APC (AAPC) and relative 95% CIs. Statistical analyses were performed using Joinpoint regression (Joinpoint, version 4.6.0.0, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA). A parallelism test was used to examine whether groups have a similar or different trends. Statistical significance was prespecified at p <= 0.05.