Application of aggregation behavior of nonionic surfactants to develop a smart detergent for washing fruits with emphasis on pesticide residues removal

Model smart detergents for fruit washing were designed. Their physicochemical and functional properties were determined, with particular emphasis on the efficiency of removing pesticide residues. The specific behavior of nonionic surfactants near the so-called cloud point was used in the design of the new smart detergent. The high performance of detergents was related to the temperature-dependent aggregation behavior of surfactants. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to evaluate the washing efficiency. Four types of pesticides (boscalid, acetamiprid, pyraclostrobin and pendimethalin) were applied to apples and then washed with designed detergents. Washing efficiency was evaluated based on the change in pesticide content on the apple surface. Compared to water, the model detergents were found to be more effective in removing pesticide residues, reaching values above 80%. The detergents were also evaluated for skin effects and revealed a low potential for skin irritation.