Provenance of the conglomerate and siliciclastic rocks from the Gadag Greenstone Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, India: Implications for understanding Neoarchean basin margin sedimentation

Petrographic, whole-rock geochemical and geochronological analysis of polymictic conglomerate, associated siltstone and greywacke in the Neoarchean Gadag Greenstone Belt in the Western Dharwar Craton, India, provides new insights into sedimentary provenance and tectonic setting. The polymictic conglomerate contains granitic, gneissic, felsic and mafic volcanic, quartzite and banded ferruginous chert clasts within a quartzo-feldspathic matrix. Framework grains in the siltstone and greywacke are quartz, feldspar with rock fragments, embedded in a chlorite-dominant matrix. The chemical index of alteration values (similar to 70) and A-CN-K plot for the rocks suggest a low-to-moderate degree of weathering. Rare earth element (REE) patterns show moderate fractionation (La-N/Yb-N similar to 12.31) with a weak negative europium anomaly (0.82). Enrichment in transition elements (Ni, Cr, Co, Sc) and depletion in high-field-strength elements, as well as relatively low La/Co (0.62), moderate to high Th/Yb (3.06), La/Th (5.16), La/Yb (17.5), and La/Sc (similar to 2.37) ratios, suggest a mixed felsic-mafic provenance. U-Pb dating of detrital zircon from the conglomerate and greywacke revealed major age peaks at ca. (3.2, 2.9, 2.8, 2.6, 2.5 Ga) and a maximum age of deposition of 2,508 & PLUSMN; 26 Ma, 2,493 +/- 20 Ma, respectively. The above data suggest low to moderately weathered proximal sources for both conglomerate and greywacke, indicating that these two rock types were not deposited simultaneously, but rather separately. The association of these conglomerates and greywacke with continental arc-related volcanics indicates the closing of an arc at the time of sedimentation. Complex provenance consisting of recycled and magmatic arc during basin closure confirm the notion of modern style plate tectonics operating during Neoarchaean.