A game-theoretic perspective of deep neural networks

We devote this paper to a theoretic analysis of deep neural networks from a gametheoretical perspective. We consider a general deep neural network D with linear activation functions f (x) = x + b. We show that the deep neural network can be transformed into a non-atomic congestion game, regardless whether it is fully connected or locally connected. Moreover, we show that learning the weight and bias vectors of D for a training set H is equivalent to computing an optimal solution of the corresponding non-atomic congestion game. In particular, when D is a deep neural network for a classification task, then the learning is equivalent to computing a Wardrop equilibrium of the corresponding non-atomic congestion game. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.