Contribution of photic and aphotic N2 fixation to production in an oligotrophic sea

Dinitrogen (N-2) fixation was investigated at a pelagic station in the oligotrophic waters of the northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, between February 2016 and December 2018. In situ N-15(2) and C-13 incubations were used to evaluate photic and aphotic N-2 fixation rates and diazotrophic contribution to water column productivity. N-2 fixation rates were typically low (below detection to <0.5 nmol N L-1 d(-1)). Maximal rates of 3.1 nmol L-1 d(-1), measured at 100 m when conspicuous slicks of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium appeared on the surface water. Amplicon sequencing of nifH demonstrated that non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs, mostly alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria comprised the majority (82-100%) of amplicon sequence variants retrieved from photic and aphotic depths when low N-2 fixation rates were measured, while amplicons representing cyanobacteria were nearly absent, but appeared in low abundance (similar to 2%) when maximal rates were measured. During the stratified summer-period, water-column N-2 fixation rates (10-75 mu mol m(-2) d(-1)) comprised similar to 1-40% of new production (NP). During the winter mixing period N-2 fixation rates were considerably higher (11-242 mu mol m(-2) d(-1)) but made up only <1% of NP. This is because, during this period, nitrate supplied to the photic zone by the vertical mixing becomes the major N source for NP. We conclude that on an annual average, diazotrophy plays a minor role in the NP of the Gulf. The major "new" nitrogen sources are cross-thermocline turbulent diffusion of nitrate during summer stratification and vertical mixing during the fall-winter.