Insights into solid phase denitrification in wastewater tertiary treatment: the role of solid carbon source in carbon biodegradation and heterotrophic denitrification

The practical application of solid phase denitrification (SPD) was hindered by either poor water quality from natural plant-like materials or high cost of pure synthetic biodegradable polymers. In this study, by combining polycaprolactone (PCL) with new natural materials (peanut shell, sugarcane bagasse), two novel economical solid carbon sources (SCSs) named as PCL/PS and PCL/SB were developed. Pure PCL and PCL/TPS (PCL with thermal plastic starch) were supplied as controls. During the 162-day operation, especially in the shortest HRT (2 h), higher NO3 -N removal was achieved by PCL/PS (87.60%+/- 0.06%) and PCL/SB (87.93%+/- 0.05%) compared to PCL (83.28%+/- 0.07%) and PCL/TPS (81.83%+/- 0.05%). The predicted abundance of functional enzymes revealed the potential metabolism pathways of major components of SCSs. The natural components entered the glycolytic cycle by enzymatical generation of intermediates, while biopolymers being converted into small molecule products under specific enzyme activities (i.e., carboxylesterase, aldehyde dehydrogenase), together providing electrons and energy for denitrification.