Broadband low-loss efficient optical plasmonic modulator based on graphene and bowtie-shape waveguide

A broadband plasmonic optical modulator based on a bowtie-shape waveguide and dual graphene layers has been investigated. The proposed structure is designed at TE mode over a range of wavelengths extending from 1100 to 1900 nm. The performance of the modulator has been tuned by adjusting the geometry of the bowtie structure. The proposed modulator's performance has been characterized using propagation loss, bandwidth, power consumption, and modulation depth. The obtained results show at a wavelength of 1.55 mu m that the loss, modulation depth, and small footprint read 0.0257, 0.5829 dB/mu m, and (0.5 x 12.17 mu m), respectively. Additionally, the proposed modulator offers modulation bandwidth and power consumption of about 151.7 GHz and 32.919 fJ/bit, respectively.