SoK: Run-time security for cloud microservices. Are we there yet?

The adoption of microservice architecture is rapidly growing, involving industries of every size. Their ability to scale and reconstitute complex functionalities into small, cohesive, and interconnected com-ponents (the microservices), and their limited use of isolation contribute to this success. Unfortunately but unsurprisingly, these very factors enlarge the attack surface and increase the security risks of today's deployments. In this study, we performed a systematization of knowledge about the run-time security of microservices. Starting from a keyword search, we initially reviewed 807 papers available in digital li-braries (e.g., Google Scholar and Scopus), which we filtered down to 48 by applying a number of selection criteria (e.g., the presence of a proof-of-concept implementation). We also considered over 30 industry tools that offer various security services for microservices. We categorized both papers and tools and highlighted areas where research is abundant, where it is lacking, and where it is misleading. We con-clude that the run-time security of microservices is still in its infancy and we supplement our analyses with insights into addressing the key challenges. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.