Risk factors for diaphragmatic injury in subxiphoid video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

BackgroundSubxiphoid video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is considered a safe and feasible operation for anterior mediastinal mass resection. However, diaphragmatic injury, presented as tearing or puncturing, may occur during subxiphoid VATS despite of low incidence. This study aims to explore risk factors for diaphragmatic injury in subxiphoid VATS, as well as strategies to reduce occurrence of the injury.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed clinical records of 44 consecutive adult patients who underwent subxiphoid VATS. These patients were divided into two groups: diaphragmatic injury group and non-injury group. Perioperative outcomes and anatomic features derived from 3D CT reconstructions were compared between the two groups.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in operation time (223.25 +/- 92.57 vs. 136.28 +/- 53.05, P = 0.006), xiphoid length (6.47 +/- 0.85 vs. 4.79 +/- 1.04, P = 0.001) and length of the xiphoid below the attachment point on the diaphragm (24.86 +/- 12.02 vs. 14.61 +/- 9.25, P = 0.029). Odds ratio for the length of the xiphoid below the attachment point on the diaphragm was 1.09 (1.001-1.186), P = 0.048 by binary logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsWe identified the length of the xiphoid below the attachment point on the diaphragm as an independent risk factor for diaphragm injury during subxiphoid VATS. Prior to subxiphoid VATS, a 3D chest CT reconstruction is recommended to assess the patients' anatomic variations within the xiphoid process. For patients with longer xiphoid process, a higher incision at the middle and upper part of the xiphoid process, and partial xiphoid process resection or xiphoidectomy is preferred.