Green technology choices under the cap-and-trade mechanism with insurer green finance in a dragon-king environment

The article investigates an insurer's green finance toward sustainability by explicitly capping borrowing-firm credit risk. The borrowing firms participate in the cap-and-trade mechanism and conduct green technology choices in a dragon-king environment due to confluent climate changes. The policy surrender incurs in the in-surer's asset-liability matching management. The model can explore the effects of the borrowing-firm green trades and green technology choices on the insurer's performance. We show that the dragon-king impact and the policy surrender reduce the optimal guaranteed rate of the life insurance policies and policyholder protection. The stringent regulatory cap of the cap-and-trade mechanism decreases the insurer's profits and hurts policy-holders. Green technology employed by the high-carbon-emission borrowing firm reduces the insurer's profits; however, it helps protect policyholders, contributing to insurance stability. One implication is that the gov-ernment might improve environmental sustainability directly through the borrowing-firm production rather than from the fund-providing perspective.