Recent Advancements in the Formulation of Nanomaterials-Based Nanozymes, Their Catalytic Activity, and Biomedical Applications

Nanozymes are nanoparticles with intrinsic enzyme-mimickingpropertiesthat have become more prevalent because of their ability to outperformconventional enzymes by overcoming their drawbacks related to stability,cost, and storage. Nanozymes have the potential to manipulate activesites of natural enzymes, which is why they are considered promisingcandidates to function as enzyme mimetics. Several microscopy- andspectroscopy-based techniques have been used for the characterizationof nanozymes. To date, a wide range of nanozymes, including catalase,oxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, have been designedto effectively mimic natural enzymes. The activity of nanozymes canbe controlled by regulating the structural and morphological aspectsof the nanozymes. Nanozymes have multifaceted benefits, which is whythey are exploited on a large scale for their application in the biomedicalsector. The versatility of nanozymes aids in monitoring and treatingcancer, other neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders.Due to the compelling advantages of nanozymes, significant researchadvancements have been made in this area. Although a wide range ofnanozymes act as potent mimetics of natural enzymes, their activityand specificities are suboptimal, and there is still room for theirdiversification for analytical purposes. Designing diverse nanozymesystems that are sensitive to one or more substrates through specializedtechniques has been the subject of an in-depth study. Hence, we believethat stimuli-responsive nanozymes may open avenues for diagnosis andtreatment by fusing the catalytic activity and intrinsic nanomaterialproperties of nanozyme systems.