When ethnicity is "national": mapping ethnic minorities in Europe's framework convention for the protection of national minorities

Legal and policy categorizations of group belonging play an important role in analysing lived experiences of discrimination, since the scope of minority protection requires individuals to prove their belonging to a minority group. This article maps the existing classifiers of minority identification as they are used in the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Europe's most comprehensive treaty designed to protect the rights of national minorities. I engage with the concept of ethnicity as a "knot of distinction", looking at which minorities qualify as "national" in different countries. When is ethnicity used as a proxy for religion, when for race, and when for language? What categories are omitted? By inductively analysing the rationales presented by different EU countries of which minorities are "national", and based on which grounds, this article reveals a messy, historically and politically driven picture, but one that can help us understand some regional patterns.