Using a one-dimensional finite-element approximation of Webster's horn equation to estimate individual ear canal acoustic transfer from input impedances

Knowledge of the sound pressure transfer to the eardrum is important. The transfer is highly influenced by the shape of the ear canal and its acoustic properties, such as the acoustic impedance at the eardrum. Invasive procedures to measure the sound pressure at the eardrum are usually elaborate or costly. We propose a numerical method to estimate the transfer impedance of the ear canal given only input impedance measurements at the ear canal entrance, by using one-dimensional first-order finite elements and Nelder-Mead optimization algorithm. Estimations on the area function of the ear canal and the acoustic impedance at the eardrum are achieved. Results are validated through numerical simulations on ten different ear canal geometries and three different acoustic impedances at the eardrum, using synthetically generated data from three-dimensional finite element simulations. VC 2023 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0019378