The application and future of biofloc technology (BFT) in aquaculture industry: A review

This review describes the applicability of biofloc technology (BFT) to future aquaculture technologies. BFT is considered an innovative alternative for solving the problems of traditional aquaculture (for example, envi-ronmental pollution, high maintenance costs, and low productivity). Extensive research is being conducted to apply BFT to breed and raise many aquatic animal species. In BFT, maintaining an appropriate C:N ratio by adding a carbon source promotes the growth of microorganisms in water and maintains the aquaculture water quality through microbial processes such as nitrification. For the efficient use and sustainability of BFT, various factors such as total suspended solids, water turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinity, stocking density, and light should be considered. The application of the transformative fourth industrial revolution technologies, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT), to aquaculture can reduce the risk factors and manual interventions in aquaculture through automation and intelligence. The combination of ICT/IoT with BFT can enable real-time monitoring of the necessary elements of BFT farming using various sensors, which is expected to increase productivity by ensuring the growth and health of the or-ganisms being reared.