The Invasive Seaweed Agarophyton vermiculophyllum from Oualidia Lagoon (Northwestern Moroccan Atlantic Coast) as a Source of Agar: Yield, Chemical Characteristics, and Rheological Properties

Agar is a hydrophilic biopolymer extracted from red seaweed. This phycocolloid consists of two components: agarose and agaropectin. In the present work, agar extracted from the invasive red seaweed Agarophyton vermiculophyllum was characterized using physical, chemical, and spectroscopic analyses to investigate the effect of alkaline pretreatment on agar properties. Two extraction conditions, native and alkali-pretreated agars, were comparatively studied. The native yield (28.4 +/- 0.9%) was higher than that of the alkaline-pretreated agar (20.4 +/- 0.8%). The alkali-pretreated agar showed higher gel strength (763.8 +/- 57.0g cm(-2)), gelling (36.5 +/- 0.9 degrees C), and melting (83.2 +/- 0.6 degrees C) temperatures and increased 3,6-anhydrogalactose (26.2 +/- 1.9%) and decreased sulfate contents (6.2 +/- 0.8%) compared with native agar (gel strength: 204.8 +/- 17.10g cm(-2), gelling temperature: 29.5 +/- 0.9 degrees C, melting temperature: 73.4 +/- 0.7 degrees C, 3,6-AG content: 13.8 +/- 0.7%, sulfate content: 10.5 +/- 0.5%). The alkaline pretreatment improved the agar's gelling properties and significantly influenced its chemical properties. In view of the obtained results, A. vermiculophyllum might potentially be thought of as a viable source for the agar industry in Morocco, serving as a local source of agar.