Early Sport Specialization and Long-term Throwing Arm Health in College Baseball Players

Background: Early sport specialization is associated with increased risk of overuse injuries in several sports, including baseball. However, limited evidence exists evaluating how early sport specialization affects patient-reported outcome measures as they age. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic (KJOC) Shoulder and Elbow Scores among collegiate baseball players based on the grade when a participant first reported high specialization behaviors. Hypothesis: Baseball players who were highly specialized at a younger age will have worse throwing arm health while participating in college. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Level of Evidence: Level 3 Methods: A total of 752 college baseball players was contacted through their institution's athletic trainer. We measured baseball specialization and KJOC scores using the validated Baseball and Sport Experience survey. Data were summarized using means and SDs, medians and interquartile ranges (1QR5), and frequencies and percentages. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine differences in mean KJOC scale scores based on the earliest time the participant reported high-level specialization. Results: A total of 294 baseball players completed the survey (response rate: 39.1%). Of the 294 participants, 280 completed the KJOC scale questions to generate a total KJOC score (median: 90.5; IQR: 76.6-97.2). No significant differences in KJOC total scores (P = 0.78) existed based on the grade period in which the athlete was first highly specialized. Conclusion: Early baseball specialization as a youth baseball player may not impact throwing arm health in college baseball athletes.